Risk factors

in Carotid and Cerebrovascular Disease

Applied

Type

Modification

Confidence

90%

Created

Apr 26, 2026

Evidence

1 source

Rationale

The stale guideline citation acc 2025 was replaced with the superseding ACC/AHA guideline ACC/AHA (PMID 41252847) in both sentences where it appeared. The new guideline covers the same claims regarding modifiable risk factors and the systemic association of PAD/CAD with DM, so co-citation of both old and new is not warranted. No other content changes were required.

Evidence

ACC/AHA. Management of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: Guidelines From the ACC/AHA. 2026. PMID: 41252847.
Verified source
PubMedDOI

Content Changes

* **Non-modifiable:** age, male sex, genetics, and race/ethnicity [@repella2025].
* **Modifiable:** smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia (including elevated Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]), obesity, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [@acc2025,[@acc2026, @yang2026].
* **Systemic association:** many patients with carotid disease also have [[peripheral arterial disease (PAD)]] or coronary artery disease (CAD), a risk profile significantly influenced by the presence of DM [@acc2025].[@acc2026].
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