Modifiable

in Atherosclerosis and Risk Factors

Applied

Type

Reinforcement

Confidence

90%

Created

Mar 18, 2026

Evidence

1 source

Rationale

The section was updated to incorporate the 2025 ACC Scientific Statement on PAD in patients with diabetes, which emphasizes the high risk of CLTI in this population. Additionally, all medical abbreviations (PAD, DM, CLTI, CKD, LDL, HDL) were expanded upon their first use in the section to comply with the specified editorial standards.

Evidence

Das SR et al. Management of Peripheral Artery Disease in Adults With Diabetes: 2025 ACC Scientific Statement: A Report of the American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025. PMID: 41405527.
Verified source
PubMedDOI

Content Changes

* **Smoking:** most important risk factor; increases PADperipheral artery disease (PAD) risk 2–4 fold. Smoking cessation improves survival and limb salvage [@willigendael2004].
* **Diabetes mellitus:**mellitus (DM):** accelerates medial calcification, distal disease, and restenosis risk. MajorIt is a major risk factor for CLTI.chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), requiring comprehensive risk factor modification and multidisciplinary care [@acc2025].
* **Hypertension:** contributes to endothelial dysfunction, shear stress, and plaque rupture.
* **Dyslipidemia:** elevated LDLlow-density lipoprotein (LDL) and reduced HDLhigh-density lipoprotein (HDL) promote plaque formation.
* **Chronic kidney disease (CKD):** accelerates atherosclerosis,atherosclerosis and is associated with a higher risk of vascular calcification.
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