Others

in Atherosclerosis and Risk Factors

Applied

Type

Reinforcement

Confidence

90%

Created

Mar 18, 2026

Evidence

1 source

Rationale

The section was updated to integrate a high-quality meta-analysis that confirms homocysteine's role not just as a risk factor, but specifically as a predictor and prognostic marker for ASCVD. Abbreviations (CRP, ASCVD) were expanded on first use as per the instructions.

Evidence

Habib SS. Homocysteine as a predictor and prognostic marker of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27(18):8734-8743. PMID: 37782175.

Verified source

PubMed DOI

Content Changes

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Additional risk factors include elevated homocysteine levels, lipoprotein(a), and chronic inflammation markers such as C-reactive protein.protein (CRP). Elevated homocysteine has been established as both a significant predictor and a prognostic marker for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) [@habib2026-homocysteine]. Each of these factors contributes to endothelial injury and accelerated atherosclerosis.

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