Tables

While the ankle-brachial index (ABI) remains the diagnostic standard, significant heterogeneity exists across international guidelines regarding screening recommendations for asymptomatic patients [@uyagu2022].

<!-- type: classification -->
**Table 2.1. Fontaine and Rutherford Classification of PAD**peripheral artery disease (PAD)**

| **Stage (Fontaine)** | **Rutherford Category** | **Clinical Presentation** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| I | 0 | Asymptomatic |
| IIa/IIb | 1–3 | Claudication (mild–severe) |
| III | 4 | Rest pain |
| IV | 5–6 | Ulcer/gangrene |

*Note: Modern management also incorporates the Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification for chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) [@svs2024-writing].*

<!-- type: guidelines -->
**Table 2.2. Evidence-Based Medical Therapy in PAD**

| **Therapy** | **Major Trials** | **Key Findings** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Smoking cessation | [Armstrong 2014]{@armstrong2014}, [Willigendael 2004]{@willigendael2004} | ↓ Mortality, ↓ limb loss |
| Exercise therapy | [Cochrane 2017]{@lane2017} | ↑ Walking distance 50–200% |
| Antiplatelets | [CAPRIE]{@caprie1996} | ↓ CVcardiovascular (CV) events, clopidogrel > aspirin |
| High-intensity Statins | [HPS]{@hps2002}, [4S]{@4s1994}[4S]{@4s1994}, [ACC/AHA 2024]{@svs2024-writing} | ↓ CV events, improved patency post-revascularization |
| Rivaroxaban + aspirin | [COMPASS]{@compass2017}[COMPASS]{@compass2017}, [VOYAGER PAD]{@svs2024-writing} | ↓ MACE,major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), ↓ MALE,major ↑adverse bleedinglimb events (MALE) |
| SGLT2 inhibitors / GLP-1 RAs | [ACC/AHA 2024]{@svs2024-writing} | ↓ MACE in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) |
| PCSK9 inhibitors | [FOURIER]{@fourier2017} | ↓ MACE and MALE in high-risk patients |
| Cilostazol | [Thompson 2002]{@thompson2002} | ↑ Claudication distance, no effect on CV outcomes |

<!-- type: comparison -->
**Table 2.3. Endovascular vs Surgical Revascularization**

| **Approach** | **Indications** | **Outcomes** | **Limitations** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| POBA | Short stenosis | High restenosis | Not durable |
| DCB | Femoropopliteal | Superior patency vs POBA | Cost |
| DES | Femoropopliteal | ↑ Patency | Limited length |
| Covered stent | Iliac, femoropopliteal | Durable, relining option | Stent fracture |
| Bypass (vein) | Long lesions, CLTI | 80–90% 5-yr patencypatency; superior to endo in BEST-CLI [@bestcli2022] | Major surgery |
| Prosthetic bypass | No vein available | Acceptable iliac/femoral | Inferior distal |

**References**

1. Fowkes FGR, et al. Global prevalence of PAD. *Lancet*. 2013. PubMed
2. Criqui MH, Aboyans V. Epidemiology of PAD. *Circ Res*. 2015. PubMed
3. Hiatt WR, et al. PAD as systemic disease. *NEJM*. 2015. PubMed
4. Willigendael EM, et al. Smoking and PAD. *J Vasc Surg*. 2004. PubMed
5. Conte MS, et al. Global Vascular Guidelines on CLTI. *J Vasc Surg*. 2019. PubMed
6. van Engelen A, et al. AI in PAD imaging. *Eur Heart J*. 2020. PubMed
7. Aboyans V, et al. ESVS/SVS Guidelines on PAD. *Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg*. 2018. PubMed
8. CAPRIE Steering Committee. Clopidogrel vs aspirin. *Lancet*. 1996. PubMed
9. Eikelboom JW, et al. COMPASS trial. *NEJM*. 2017. PubMed
10. Gornik HL, et al. 2024 ACC/AHA/SVS Guideline for PAD. *J Am Coll Cardiol*. 2024. PMID: 38752899
11. Uyagu OD, et al. Quality assessment of PAD screening guidelines. *BMJ Open*. 2022. PMID: 36104133