Atherosclerosis (dominant cause)

in Lower Extremity Arterial Disease

Applied

Type

Reinforcement

Confidence

95%

Created

Mar 19, 2026

Evidence

2 sources

Rationale

The integration updates the section with the most current epidemiological evidence from the 2023 and 2024 AHA Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics reports. These reports are the gold standard for cardiovascular risk factor prevalence and trends. Additionally, standard medical abbreviations were introduced for DM, HTN, and CKD to comply with the textbook's style requirements for first-use expansion.

Evidence

Martin SS et al. 2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024. PMID: 38264914.
Verified source
PubMedDOI
Tsao CW et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023. PMID: 36695182.
Verified source
PubMedDOI

Content Changes

* Inflow lesions: aortoiliac.
* Outflow lesions: femoropopliteal, tibial, pedal.[@tasc2007]
* Risk factors: smoking, diabetes mellitus,mellitus hypertension,(DM), hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease,disease (CKD), obesity, and sedentary lifestyle.[@ahaacc2016]lifestyle.[@ahaacc2016][@tsao2023][@martin2024]
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