Risk factors

in Carotid and Cerebrovascular Disease

Applied

Type

Addition

Confidence

85%

Created

Mar 19, 2026

Evidence

3 sources

Rationale

The section was updated to reflect modern understanding of risk factors beyond traditional metrics. This includes the recognition of race/ethnicity as a factor in health disparities (Repella 2025), the specific role of Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic risk (Yang 2026), and the profound systemic impact of diabetes on multi-vascular disease (ACC 2025). Abbreviations were expanded on first use as per instructions.

Evidence

Das SR et al. Management of Peripheral Artery Disease in Adults With Diabetes: 2025 ACC Scientific Statement: A Report of the American College of Cardiology. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2025. PMID: 41405527.
Verified source
PubMedDOI
Repella GF et al. Evaluating the Vascular Quality Initiative's role in advancing minority health and health disparities research-a scoping review. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2025. PMID: 41352575.
Verified source
PubMedDOI
Yang HS et al. The Lipoprotein(a) Implementation Gap: Bridging Evidence and Clinical Practice. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2026. PMID: 41789317.
Verified source
PubMedDOI

Content Changes

* **Non-modifiable:** age, male sex, genetics.genetics, and race/ethnicity [@repella2025].
* **Modifiable:** smoking, hypertension, diabetes,diabetes dyslipidemia,mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia (including elevated Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]), obesity, and chronic kidney disease (CKD).(CKD) [@acc2025, @yang2026].
* **Systemic association:** many patients with carotid disease also have [[peripheral arterial disease (PAD)]] or CAD.coronary artery disease (CAD), a risk profile significantly influenced by the presence of DM [@acc2025].
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