Tables

<!-- type: classification -->
**Table 7.1. Fontaine and Rutherford Classification of peripheral arterialartery disease (PAD)**[@rutherford2018-rutherford](PAD)**[@rutherford2018-rutherford, @svs2024, @uyagu2022]

| **Stage (Fontaine)** | **Rutherford Category** | **Clinical Presentation** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| I | 0 | Asymptomatic |
| IIa/IIb | 1–3 | Claudication (mild–severe) |
| III | 4 | Rest pain |
| IV | 5–6 | Ulcer/gangrene |

<!-- type: guidelines -->
**Table 7.2. Evidence-Based Medical Therapy in PAD**[@lancet1996, @hps2002, @amarenco2006, @eikelboom2017, @lane2017, @thompson2002]@thompson2002, @svs2024]

| **Therapy** | **Trial** | **Key Finding** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Antiplatelet (aspirin vs clopidogrel) | CAPRIE | Clopidogrel > aspirin in PAD subgroup |
| Statins | HPS, SPARCL | ↓ CVcardiovascular (CV) and limb events |
| Rivaroxaban (2.5 mg BID) + aspirin | COMPASSCOMPASS, VOYAGER PAD | ↓ major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and major adverse limb events (MALE) in stable disease and post-revascularization |
| SGLT2 inhibitors / GLP-1 RA | Meta-analysis | ↓ MACE and MALE,MALE ↑in bleedingpatients with PAD and diabetes |
| Exercise therapy | Cochrane meta-analysis | ↑ Walking distance 50–200% |
| Cilostazol | Meta-analysis | ↑ Claudication distance, symptom relief |

<!-- type: comparison -->
**Table 7.3. Endovascular vs Open Surgery for PAD**[@tasc2007, @conte2019, @rutherford2018-rutherford]@rutherford2018-rutherford, @svs2024]

| **Approach** | **Indications** | **Outcomes** | **Limitations** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Angioplasty (POBA)(plain old balloon angioplasty (POBA)) | Short stenosis | High restenosis | Not durable |
| DCBDrug-coated balloon (DCB) | Femoropopliteal | Better patency than POBA | Cost |
| DESDrug-eluting stent (DES) | SFA,superficial femoral artery (SFA), tibial | ↑ Patency vs BMSbare metal stent (BMS) | Limited length |
| Covered stents | Iliac, SFA | Durable | Risk of stent fracture |
| Bypass (vein) | Long occlusion, chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) | 80–90% 5-yr patencypatency; superior to endo in BEST-CLI for suitable vein | Surgical risk |
| Prosthetic bypass | Above-knee acceptable | Inferior below-knee | Inferior durability |

**References**

1. Fowkes FGR, et al. Global prevalence of PAD. *Lancet*. 2013. PubMed
2. Hiatt WR, et al. PAD as systemic disease. *NEJM*. 2015. PubMed
3. CAPRIE Steering Committee. Clopidogrel vs aspirin in ischemic disease. *Lancet*. 1996. PubMed
4. Eikelboom JW, et al. COMPASS trial. *NEJM*. 2017. PubMed
5. Conte MS, et al. Global Vascular Guidelines on CLTI. *J Vasc Surg*. 2019. PubMed
6. Aboyans V, et al. ESVS/SVS Guidelines on PAD. *Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg*. 2018. PubMed
7. Gornik HL, et al. 2024 ACC/AHA/SVS Guideline for the Management of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease. *J Am Coll Cardiol*. 2024. PMID: 38752899.
8. Uyagu OD, et al. Quality assessment and comparative analysis on the recommendations of current guidelines on screening and diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease. *BMJ Open*. 2022. PMID: 36104133.