Tables

in Vascular Diagnostics and Imaging

Applied

Type

Reinforcement

Confidence

90%

Created

Mar 19, 2026

Evidence

2 sources

Rationale

The section was updated to incorporate the latest 2025 ACC Scientific Statement, which provides critical diagnostic guidance for PAD in diabetic patients (reinforcing the use of TBI). A 2025 review on imaging misallocation was also added to support the limitations and appropriate use of advanced modalities like CTA and MRA. Additionally, all medical abbreviations were expanded on their first use within the section to comply with the specified formatting rules.

Evidence

Das SR et al. Management of Peripheral Artery Disease in Adults With Diabetes: 2025 ACC Scientific Statement: A Report of the American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025. PMID: 41405527.
Verified source
PubMedDOI
Raskin D et al. A narrative review of imaging misallocation in peripheral artery disease: a value-based medicine perspective. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2025. PMID: 41509627.
Verified source
PubMedDOI

Content Changes

<!-- type: diagnostic -->
**Table 3.1. Comparison of Diagnostic Modalities**

| **Modality** | **Advantages** | **Limitations** | **Main Uses** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ankle-brachial index (ABI)/toe-brachial index (TBI) | Quick, non-invasive, cheap | Calcification, less localizing | peripheral arterial disease (PAD) screening, chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) |
| Segmental Pressures | Localizes stenosis | Time-consuming | PAD severity |
| TcPO₂ | Predicts wound healing | Operator-dependent | CLTI, wound prognosis |
| DUSduplex ultrasound (DUS) | Portable, repeatable | Operator-dependent | Carotid, venous, grafts |
| computed tomography angiography (CTA) | High-resolution, 3D | Radiation, contrast | abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), PAD, carotid |
| magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) | No radiation | Limited availability | Aorta, renal, carotid |
| Angio | Diagnostic + therapeutic | Invasive | Final planning, intervention |
| IVUS/OCTintravascular ultrasound (IVUS)/optical coherence tomography (OCT) | High precision | Cost, availability | Endovascular optimization |
| PET/CTpositron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) | Functional info | Expensive, research | Vasculitis, infection | [@aboyans2012] [@potier2011] [@schepers2010] [@moneta2010] [@sru2003] [@sun2011] [@prince2016] [@ali2016] [@slart2018] [@esvs2019-aaa] [@esvs2018-esvs] [@svs2018] [@aha2016] [@acc2025-b] [@raskin2025]
Go to section in textbookDispute / Submit evidenceAll updates