Atherosclerosis

Endothelial dysfunction allows LDLlow-density lipoprotein (LDL) to penetrate the intima, where it undergoes oxidation. Monocytes adhere, migrate, and differentiate into macrophages, forming foam cells. Smooth muscle proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition lead to fibrous cap formation. Plaque rupture triggers platelet activation and thrombus formation, which can result in acute ischemic events [@libby2021]. While lipid-lowering therapies are central to stabilizing plaques and reducing cardiovascular risk, the clinical effectiveness of these interventions is frequently compromised by poor patient adherence to statin therapy [@basios2025-prevalence].