Open Surgery
Type
ModificationConfidence
92%
Created
Apr 22, 2026
Evidence
1 source
Rationale
[citation-backfill] Refreshed the cited Rutherford line so the section wording matches the verified latest-edition support instead of only swapping the locator. The verified support snippet directly states that the Fogarty embolectomy catheter 'has been the de facto gold standard for surgical extraction of acute and chronic thromboembolic disease.' This allows a modest wording improvement—replacing 'remains the standard' with 'remains the de facto gold standard'—while updating the citation key and locator. The scope of the verified snippet also covers 'acute and chronic thromboembolic disease,' but the existing claim is scoped to 'acute embolic occlusion,' which is a conservative subset and safe to retain. No clinical meaning is changed beyond tightening the qualifier.
Evidence
the Fogarty embolectomy catheter (Edwards Lifesciences; Irvine, CA) has been the de facto gold standard for surgical extraction of acute and chronic thromboembolic disease.
Content Changes
* **Bypass grafting:** Autologous vein remains gold standard for infrainguinal bypass [@conte2018]. See [[Peripheral Artery Disease|Ch. 10]] for BEST-critical limb ischemia (CLI)/BASIL evidence. * **carotid endarterectomy (CEA):** Standard for symptomatic carotid stenosis >50% and select asymptomatic stenosis >70%. See [[Cerebrovascular Disease|Ch. 7]] for NASCET, CREST, and patient selection. * **Open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair:** Durable long-term results, particularly for young/fit patients [@lederle2002]. See [[Aneurysmal Diseases|Ch. 4]]. * **Thrombectomy/Embolectomy:** Fogarty embolectomy remains the de facto gold standard for surgical extraction of acute embolic occlusion [@rutherford2018-rutherford].[@rutherford-10e-2022-ch104-acute-limb-ischemia-surgical-and-p1698-f4461ff9]. > **See Also:** Disease-specific surgical details: [[Aneurysmal Diseases|Ch. 4]], [[Cerebrovascular Disease|Ch. 7]], [[Peripheral Artery Disease|Ch. 10]].